Alat Muzik Modern Dan Tradisional
Accordion
Accordion
alat muzik berbentuk kotak daripada keluarga bellow-driven free-reed
aerophone kadang kala di rujuk sebagai squeezebox (kotak picit). Bunyi
accordion datang dari udara yang dimampat & dikembang mengguna
bellow semasa butang atau key ditekan menyebabkan udara bergerak &
menggetarkan strip besi (reed) mengeluarkan bunyi dari dalam badan alat
muzik itu. Prinsip nya sama seperti alat & nama purba harmonikos
--harmonika Greek bermaksud music. Accordion, alat muzik biasa diguna
dalam muzik folk (rakyat) & tradisional Eropah & seluruh dunia.
Ia juga tergolong dalam keluarga Sheng & Khaen di china &
Indochina (Asia timur). (yg menyerupai sompoton & seruling dayak).
Bentuk asal accordion dicipta di Berlin 1822 oleh Christian Friedrich
Ludwig Buschmann, Pada abad ke 19 accordion mula sampai ke India menjadi
alat muzik harmonium India & asia tenggara dibawa orang Eropah
& perlahan-lahan meresap masuk kedalam permainan muzik tradisi
tempatan. seperti joget, zapin & dondang sayang.
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Fender Electric Guitar
Fender Stratocaster (stretokeste) solid body series tahun 1960-an. Badan diperbuat kayu keseluruhan, neck head dibentuk mengikut neck head Violin Stradivarius
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| The Shadows |
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M.Shariff & The Zurah
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Click link di bawah terus ke website gitar
http://www.ibanez.com/ElectricGuitars/home
http://www.fender.com/#/new-pawn-shop-series
http://gibsonlespaul.net/
http://www.kramerguitars.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Flying_V
http://www.rickenbacker.com/
Ada banyak lagi company-company gitar elektrik & acoustic di seluruh dunia.
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Boss distortion DS-1
BigMuff distortion
Jim Dunlop wah-wah pedal
Digitech Whammy pedal
Compression sustainer
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| DS-1 |
Marshall stack amp
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| Fender amplifier |
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| Peavey amplifier |
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| Peavey stack |
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| Eddie Van Halen & 5150 Peavey |
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Ada mereka yang tidak tahu dari mana asal nya muzik rock juga pop (muzik moden) di Malaysia & Indonesia yang mereka dengar diradio& TV dalam rumah mereka atau dimana. Kesemua pemuzik & penyanyi rock atau pop di Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapura, Filipina, Thailand atau di seluruh Asia mendapat pengaruh & inspirasi bermain muzik moden daripada muzik moden Amerika & Eropah. Ini memang di akui mereka sendiri. Kalau tak percaya cuba kau orang pergi jalan sendiri & tanya siapakah idola atau yang memberi pengaruh kedalam permainan & nyanyian pemuzik Malaysia & Indonesia. Sudah tentu mereka akan menjawab pemuzik & penyanyi dari barat. Kecuali muzik tradisional yang dimodenkan, 90% muzik moden tempatan dinegara tersebut adalah berunsur kebaratan. Dimainkan mengguna alat muzik barat, mengikut susunan scale muzik barat, rentak barat & imej pun mengikut penyanyi barat.
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| Telinga manusia boleh mendengar lebih dari 1500 tone muzik |
Muzik yang dimain pemuzik & penyanyi
di negara tersebut seperti rock, jazz, r&b, hip hop, punk,
alternative, pop, ska, reggae, metal, atau apa saja lah yang dikaitkan
dengan muzik barat. Walau pun begitu, karya muzik tempatan tidak lari
dari 5% hingga 10% unsur-unsur etnik & budaya tempatan. Ada juga
muzik seni tradisi yang dimodenkan (di masuk element barat). Seperti
genre 'Irama Malaysia'. Yang di maksudkan ialah penggunaan alat muzik
barat seperti violin, accordion, drum, gitar & keyboard juga latar
muzik orchestra untuk muzik berkenaan. Jangan lah dipersoal siapa
belajar dari siapa yang penting muzik tempatan boleh menjadi sebaik
muzik barat & boleh diterima oleh pendengar luar negara. Kalau
tidak tahu asal usul boleh cari & selidik sendiri info di buku,
internet atau lebih elok "pergi melihat sendiri" kerana terdapat lebih 6,000,000 juta penyanyi di semua 195 negara seluruh dunia.
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| Gitar terbesar di Bristol, Tennessee, USA |
Gitar atau Guitar ialah
alat muzik paling popular dalam dunia. Dimana-mana sahaja kita boleh
melihat orang bermain gitar. Gitar juga terdapat dalam berbagai rupa
& bentuk samada gitar kayu atau elektrik.
Festival guitar di USA.
Terdapat lebih kurang 50,000,000 juta orang yang bermain gitar di dalam dunia. penduduk Malaysia hanya berjumlah 27,467,837 orang sahaja. Bagaimana kalau semua orang dalam dunia yang bermain gitar itu datang ke Malaysia, mesti sempit punya, mana nak letak dia orang semua.
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Orang Kastilang tidak mempengaruhi muzik moden dunia. Mereka juga tidak menyumbang kepada perkembangan sejarah muzik moden. Gitar alat muzik cordophones sejak zaman purba. Perkataan English-guitar,German-gitarre,France-guitare,Sepanyol-guitarra dating dari Arab Andalucian-Qitara semuanya diambil dari perkataan Latin- Cithara yang datang dari Greek purba-kithara juga adalah turun temurun dari pada bahasa Parsi lama (purba) Tar yang bermakna string (tali). Gitar (cithara) bukanlah juga berasal dari alat muzik asli Rom. Pengaruh oud orang moor semasa penaklukan ke atas semenanjung Iberia (Hispania) pada abad 8 & pengaruh alat lute 6 string orang scandinavia di negara takluk orang Viking di seluruh Eropah yang memungkinkan penciptaan gitar, alat bertali yg dipetik diseluruh Mediterranean & Eropah, terkenal & mashyur di Iberia semenjak zaman medieval. 2 alat itu dipanggil guitar diguna sepanjang thn 1200: guitarra moresca (gitar moor) & guitarra Latina (gitar Latin).
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Guitar - Gitar
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| Oud Arab |
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| Lute Eropah abad ke 15 |
Orang Kastilang tidak mempengaruhi muzik moden dunia. Mereka juga tidak menyumbang kepada perkembangan sejarah muzik moden. Gitar alat muzik cordophones sejak zaman purba. Perkataan English-guitar,German-gitarre,France-guitare,Sepanyol-guitarra dating dari Arab Andalucian-Qitara semuanya diambil dari perkataan Latin- Cithara yang datang dari Greek purba-kithara juga adalah turun temurun dari pada bahasa Parsi lama (purba) Tar yang bermakna string (tali). Gitar (cithara) bukanlah juga berasal dari alat muzik asli Rom. Pengaruh oud orang moor semasa penaklukan ke atas semenanjung Iberia (Hispania) pada abad 8 & pengaruh alat lute 6 string orang scandinavia di negara takluk orang Viking di seluruh Eropah yang memungkinkan penciptaan gitar, alat bertali yg dipetik diseluruh Mediterranean & Eropah, terkenal & mashyur di Iberia semenjak zaman medieval. 2 alat itu dipanggil guitar diguna sepanjang thn 1200: guitarra moresca (gitar moor) & guitarra Latina (gitar Latin).
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| Vihuela |
Lihat video lute Eropah terawal & penyanyi di zaman pertengahan (medieval) dan juga Vihuela alat muzik gitar terawal.
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Orchestra
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| Orchestra Bamboo dari Jepun |
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| Symphony atau philharmonic orchestra |
John
Williams seorang komposer terkenal untuk soundtrack filem. Dia juga
lah yang mengarang lagu untuk filem seperti Jurassic Park, Jaws,
Indiana Jones & Harry Potter.
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| John Williams |
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Synthesizer Keyboard
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| Synthesizer terawal 1960-an |
Isyarat elektrik ini kemudian di mainkan
melalui speaker. Synthesizer boleh mengeluarkan julat bunyi yg luas,
samada menyerupai bunyi alat muzik yang betul, atau mengeluarkan bunyi timbre (tone quality & tone colour). Keyboard synthesizer bukan alat muzik gitar. Tetapi ia juga boleh mengeluarkan bunyi menyerupai alat muzik bertali. Satu set alat muzik
moden seperti gitar, bass, drum, string & wind instrument boleh
dimainkan dengan menggunakan hanya satu keyboard synthesizer atau
Digital Sound Processor keyboard melalui protokol MIDI (Musical
Interface Digital Interface) yg membolehkan Synthesizer, mesin drum
synthesizer elektrik, computer, MIDI controller, sound card, sampler
menyelaras sesama sendiri. Cuba kamu sendiri google & cari sejarah
synthesizer di wikipedia, kamu akan membaca bagaimana ia digunakan
secara meluas pada 1970an yg perlahan-lahan menggantikan organ.
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| Ini lah benda yang panggil Synthesizer keyboard |
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Organ
Organ berkuasa air pada zaman Rom
Binaan paip besi yang mengeluarkan bunyi dari organ berkuasa udara >
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| keyboard untuk pipe organ |
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| Hammond organ |
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| Rock n Roll Fender organ 1960's |
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Flute & Seruling
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| Flute puba daripada tulang |
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| Seruling bambu |
Lihat video tiupan flute dari pemuzik di kepulauan British, Eropah
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Alat muzik woodwind
Pemain flute
Brass section-Trumpet, Horn & Tuba >
Alat muzik angin (wind instrument) adalah alat muzik yang mengandungi satu jenis resonator biasanya "tube" di mana aliran udara di tetapkan untuk bergetar oleh tiupan pemain kedalam mouthpiece yang ditetapkan di hujung resonator. Pitch getaran di tentukan oleh kepanjangan tiub (tube) & secara modifikasi pemain alat tiupan. Ada beberapa wind instrument (alat muzik tiupan angin) yang menggunakan reed untuk menggetar bunyi & ada juga yang memerlukan bibir pemain di buzzing (digetar) kedalam mouthpiece.
Alat tiupan angin terbahagi dua kumpulan-
Brass (alat tiupan diperbuat dari tembaga+besi alloy)
Woodwind (diperbuat dari kayu atau bamboo)
Alat muzik tiupan angin tanpa menggunakan reed ialah seperti flute & recoder.
Alat muzik tiupan angin (lip reed) yang menggunakan getaran bibir pemain ialah trumpet, horn & tuba.
Terdapat juga alat tiupan angin tradisional asia tenggara seperti tumpong, kalaleng, pulalu & palendag dari Filipina. Suling atau seruling bambu dari Indonesia & Malaysia.
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Brass (alat tiupan diperbuat dari tembaga+besi alloy)
Woodwind (diperbuat dari kayu atau bamboo)
Alat muzik tiupan angin tanpa menggunakan reed ialah seperti flute & recoder.
Alat muzik tiupan angin (lip reed) yang menggunakan getaran bibir pemain ialah trumpet, horn & tuba.
Terdapat juga alat tiupan angin tradisional asia tenggara seperti tumpong, kalaleng, pulalu & palendag dari Filipina. Suling atau seruling bambu dari Indonesia & Malaysia.
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Strings musical instument / Alat muzik bertali.
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| violin |
Lutes- alat muzik dimana tali di sokong neck (leher) & bout (gourd) seperti gitar, violin, gambus & saz.
Harps- alat talinya di frame >
Zithers-alat talinya di pasang didalam badan seperti guqin, cimbalom, autoharp, atau piano.
Click link ini - senarai para pemain piano Jazz
Alat alat muzik ini di petik atau di gesek tali nya.
Alat muzik traditional bertali di Asia tenggara seperti gambus, sape, sundatang (Malaysia), kecapi (pulau Jawa & Sulawesi), kutiyapi (Filipina), Erhu (etnik cina) & banyak lagi. Seperti yang anda tahu gitar, violin, cello & piano di bawa orang Eropah ke asia tenggara.
Lihat Vielle -alat muzik Eropah yang berkembang dari Vihuela zaman pertengahan 600 tahun dahulu yang dimainkan semula oleh Barry Hall di ASC: Boston, USA
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Reed Musical Instrument
Terdapat lebih dari 100 alat alat muzik moden & tradisional yang menggunakan tiupan angin sebagai punca bunyi. Antaranya ialah, harmonica, accordion, oboe, serunai, bassoon, clarinet, bagpipe, saxophone & banyak lagi. Bunyi itu di tiup melalui reed satu benda kecil nipis yang bergetar di bahagian mouthpiece instrument yang mengeluarkan bunyi. Di Eropah reed di perbuat dari kulit tebu Arundo Donax atau bahan plastic manakala reed yang sudah di tune sedia dari besi atau plastic digunakan untuk harmonica & accordion. Di Malaysia banyak alat muzik tradisi yang menggunakan teknik getaran reed antaranya ialah serunai & sompoton & banyak lagi. Kalau kamu nak tahu apa itu reed pegilah cari info pasal alat itu. Ini betul punye info, tak tipu.
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| Scottish Highland Bagpipe - Bagpipe dari Tanah Tinggi Scotland |
France bagpipe-
- Musette de cour: A French open ended smallpipe, believed by some to be an ancestor of the Northumbrian smallpipes, used for classical compositions in 'folk' style in the 18th Century French court. The shuttle design for the drones was recently revived and added to a mouth blown Scottish smallpipe.
- Biniou (or biniou kozh "old style bagpipe"): a mouth blown bagpipe from Brittany, a Celtic region of northwestern France. It is the most famous bagpipe of France. The great Highland bagpipe is also used in marching bands called bagadoù and known as biniou braz ("great bagpipe").
- Veuze, found in Western France around Nantes and into the Breton marshes.
- Cabrette: bellows-blown, played in the Auvergne region of central France.
- Chabrette (or chabretta): found in the Limousin region of central France.
- Bodega (or craba): found in Languedoc region of southern France, made of an entire goat skin.
- Boha: found in the Gascogne and Landes regions of southwestern France, notable for having no separate drone, but a drone and chanter bored into a single piece of wood.
- Musette bressane: found in the Bresse region of eastern France
- Cornemuse du Centre (or musette du centre): bagpipes of Central France) are of many different types, some mouth blown. They can be found in the Bourbonnais, Berry, Nivernais, and Morvan regions of France and in different tonalities.
- Chabrette poitevine: found in the Poitou region of west-central France, but now extremely rare.
- Caramusa: a small bagpipe with a single parallel drone, native to Corsica
- Musette bechonnet, named from its creator, Joseph Bechonnet (1820-1900 AD) of Effiat.
- Bousine, a small droneless bagpipe played in Normandy. (fr:Bousine)
- Loure, a Norman bagpipe which gives its name to the French Baroque dance loure.
- Pipasso, a bagpipe native to Picardy in northern France
- Sourdeline, an extinct bellows-blown pipe, likely of Italian origin
- Samponha, a double-chantered pipe played in the Pyrenees
The Netherlands and Belgium
- Doedelzak (or pijpzak): found in Flanders and the Netherlands, this type of bagpipe was made famous in the paintings of Pieter Brueghel the Elder; died out, but revived in the late 20th century.
- Muchosa (or muchosac): found in the Hainaut province of Wallonia, in southern Belgium, and previously known down into the north of France as far as Picardy
Germany
- Dudelsack: German bagpipe with two drones and one chanter. Also called Schäferpfeife (shepherd pipe) or Sackpfeife. The drones are sometimes fit into one stock and do not lie on the player's shoulder but are tied to the front of the bag. (see: de:Schäferpfeife)
- Mittelaltersackpfeife: Reconstruction of medieval bagpipes after descriptions by Michael Praetorius and depictions by Albrecht Dürer, among others. While the exterior is reconstructed from these sources, the interior and sound are often similar to the Scottish Great Highland Bagpipe. Commonly tuned in A minor and used by musical groups specialising in medieval tunes. Often to be seen at medieval festivals and markets. (see: de:Marktsackpfeife)
- Huemmelchen: small bagpipe with the look of a small medieval pipe or a Dudelsack. The sound is similar to that of the Uilleann pipes, or sometimes the smallpipes. Seldom louder than 60 or 70 dB.
- Dudy or kozoł (Lower Sorbian kózoł) are large types of bagpipes (in E flat) played among the (originally) Slavic-speaking Sorbs of Eastern Germany, near the borders with both Poland and the Czech Republic; smaller Sorbian types are called dudki or měchawa (in F). Yet smaller is the měchawka (in A, Am) known in German as Dreibrümmchen. The dudy/kozoł has a bent drone pipe that is hung across the player’s shoulder, and the chanter tends to be curved as well.
Switzerland
- Schweizer Sackpfeife (Swiss bagpipe): In Switzerland, the Sackpfiffe was a common instrument in the folk music from the Middle Ages to the early 18th century, documented by iconography and in written sources. It had one or two drones and one chanter with double reeds.
Austria
- Bock (literally, male goat): a bellows-blown pipe with large bells at the end of the single drone and chanter
Ireland
- Uilleann pipes: Bellows-blown bagpipe with keyed or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators). The most common type of bagpipes in Irish traditional music.
- Great Irish Warpipes: Carried by most Irish regiments of the British Army (except the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers) until the late 1960s, when the Great Highland Bagpipe became standard. The Warpipe differed from the latter only in having a single tenor drone.
- Brian Boru bagpipes: Carried by the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and had three drones, one of which was a baritone, pitched between bass and tenor. Unlike the chanter of the Great Highland Bagpipe, its chanter is keyed, allowing for a greater tonal range.
- Pastoral pipes: Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it developed into the modern uilleann bagpipe.
United Kingdom
- Great Highland Bagpipe: the world's most commonly played bagpipe.
- Northumbrian smallpipes: a smallpipe with a closed end chanter played in staccato.
- Border pipes: also called the "Lowland Bagpipe", commonly confused with smallpipes, but louder. Played in the Lowlands of Scotland, and in England near the Anglo-Scottish border. Conically bored, less raucous in timbre than the Highland pipes, but partially or fully chromatic.
- Scottish smallpipes: a modern re-interpretation of an extinct instrument. Derived from the Northumbrian pipes by Colin Ross and others.
- Cornish bagpipes: an extinct type of double chanter bagpipe from Cornwall (southwest England); there are currently attempts being made to revive it on the basis of literary descriptions and iconographic representations.[1]
- Welsh pipes (Welsh: pibe cyrn, pibgod): Of two types, one a descendant of the pibgorn, the other loosely based on the Breton Veuze. Both are mouthblown with one bass drone.
- Pastoral pipes: Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it was developed into the modern Uilleann bagpipe.
- English bagpipes: with the exception of the Northumbrian smallpipes, no English bagpipes maintained an unbroken tradition. However, music enthusiasts are attempting to "reconstruct" various English bagpipes based on descriptions and representations, but no actual physical evidence.
- Yorkshire bagpipes, known in Shakespeare's time, but now extinct
- Lincolnshire bagpipes, a one-drone pipe extinct by 1850, with one reproduction made in the modern era
- Lancanshire bagpipes, widely mentioned in early-Modern literature and travel accounts
- Zetland pipes: a reconstruction of pipes believed to have been brought to the Shetland Islands by the Vikings, though not clearly historically attested.
Northern Europe
Sweden
- Säckpipa: Also the Swedish word for "bagpipe" in general, this instrument was on the brink of extinction in the first half of the 20th century. It has a cylindrical bore and a single reed, as well as a single drone at the same pitch as the bottom note of the chanter.
Latvia
- Dūdas: Latvian bagpipe, with single reed chanter and one drone.
Lithuania
- Labanoro Dūda: a bagpipe native to Lithuania, with single reed chanter and one drone.
Estonia
Northen Europe
- Säkkipilli: The Finnish bagpipes died out but have been revived since the late 20th century by musicians such as Petri Prauda.
- Volynka (Ukrainian: Волинка), (Russian: Волынка): It is a Slavic bagpipe. Its etymology comes from the region in which it was most popular - Volyn in Ukraine.
- Dudy (also known by the German name Bock): Czech bellows-blown bagpipe with a long, crooked drone and chanter (usually with wooden billy-goat head) that curves up at the end.
- Dudy or kozoł (Lower Sorbian kózoł) are large types of bagpipes (in E flat) played among the (originally) Slavic-speaking Sorbs of Eastern Germany, near the borders with both Poland and the Czech Republic; smaller Sorbian types are called dudki or měchawa (in F). Yet smaller is the měchawka (in A, Am) known in German as Dreibrümmchen. The dudy/kozoł has a bent drone pipe that is hung across the player’s shoulder, and the chanter tends to be curved as well.
- Cimpoi is the name for the Romanian bagpipes. Two main categories of bagpipes were used in Romania: with a double chanter and with a single chanter. Both have a single drone and straight bore chanter and is less strident than its Balkan relatives.
- Magyar duda or Hungarian duda (also known as tömlősíp, bőrduda and Croatian duda) has a double chanter (two parallel bores in a single stick of wood, Croatian versions have three or four) with single reeds and a bass drone. It is typical of a large group of pipes played in the Carpathian Basin.
Poland
- Koza ("goat" or kozioł (buck), or gajdy) is the generic term for Polish bagpies.[2] They are sometimes also wrongly named kobza. They are used in folk music of Podhale, Żywiec Beskids, Cieszyn Silesia and mostly in Greater Poland, where there are known to be four basic variants of bagpipes:
- Dudy wielkopolskie (Greater Polish bagpipes) with two subtypes: Rawicz-Gostyń and Kościan-Buk
- Kozioł biały (or kozioł biały weselny)
- Kozioł czarny (or kozioł czarny ślubny)
- Sierszeńki
The Balkans
Main article: Croatian bagpipes
- Gaida (also the large kaba gaida from the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria): Southern Balkan (i.e. Bulgarian and Macedonian) and Greek and Albanian bagpipe with one drone and one chanter
- Istarski mih (Piva d'Istria): a double chantered, droneless Croatian bagpipe whose side by side chanters are cut from a single rectangular piece of wood. They are typically single reed instruments, using the Istrian scale.
- Gajdy or gajde: the name for various bagpipes of Eastern Europe, found in Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, and Croatia.
- Duda, used in some parts of Croatia
Southern Europe
Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain)
Gaita is a generic term for "bagpipe" in Spanish, Portuguese, Galego, Asturian, Catalan and Aragonese, for distinct bagpipes used in across northern Spain and Portugal, and down the eastern coast of Spain and the Balearic Islands. Just like "Northumbrian smallpipes" or "Great Highland bagpipes," each country and region attributes its toponym to the respective gaita name. Most of them have a conical chanter with a partial second octave, obtained by overblowing. Folk groups playing these instruments have become popular in recent years, and pipe bands have been formed in some traditions.
- Sac de gemecs: used in Catalonia (eastern Spain).
- Xeremia: played in Majorca, often accompanying the flabiol and drum.
- Galician gaita: traditional bagpipe used in Galicia and Northern and Central Portugal.
- Gaita de boto: native to Aragon, distinctive for its tenor drone running parallel to the chanter.
- Gaita de saco: native to Soria, La Rioja, Alava, and Burgos in north-central Spain. Possibly the same as the lost gaita de fuelle of Old Castile.
- Gaita asturiana: native to Asturias. Very similar to the gaita gallega but of heavier construction with an increased capability for octave jumps and chromatic notes.
- Gaita transmontana (or gaita mirandesa): native to the Tras-os-Montes region of Portugal.
- Gaita sanabresa: played in Puebla de Sanabria, in the Zamora province of western Spain
- Gaita cabreiresa (or gaita lionesa): an extinct but revived pipe native to Leon
- Gaita alistana: played in Aliste
- Odrecillo: a small medieval bagpipe, with or without drones
Italy
- Zampogna (also called ciaramella, ciaramedda, or surdullina depending on style and or region): A generic name for an Italian bagpipe, with different scale arrangements for two chanters (for different regions of Italy), and from zero to three drones (the drones usually sound a fifth, in relation to the chanter keynote, though in some cases a drone plays the tonic).
- Piva: used in northern Italy (Bergamo, Emilia), and bordering regions of Switzerland such as Ticino. A single chantered, single drone instrument, with double reeds, often played in accompaniment to a shawm, or piffero.
- Müsa: played in Pavia, Alessandria, Genova and Piacenza.
- Baghèt: similar to the piva, played in the region of Bergamo
- Surdelina, a double-chantered, bellows-blown pipe from Naples, with keys on both chanters and drones
Malta
- Żaqq (with definite article: iż-żaqq): The most common form of Maltese bagipes. A double-chantered, single-reed, droneless hornpipe.
- Qrajna: a smaller Maltese bagpipe[citation needed]
Greece
- Askomandoura (Greek: ασκομαντούρα): bagpipe used in Cretephoto
- Tsampouna (Greek: τσαμπούνα): Greek Islands bagpipe with a double chanter, no drone and a bag made from an entire goatskin. Pronounced "saw-bow-nah". (Alternately tsambouna, tsabouna, etc.)
- Gaida (Greek: γκάιδα): Thrace.
South Asia
India
- Masak-been (Kumaoni : मसकबीन): of the Kumaon Division of the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
Southwest Asia
Turkey
- Dankiyo: A word of Greek origin for "bagpipe" used in the Trabzon Province of Turkey.
- Tulum or Guda: double-chantered, droneless bagpipe of Rize and Artvin provinces of Turkey. Usually played by the Laz and Hamsheni people.
- Gaida: Usually played by Thracians, Turks, and Pomaks in Turkey.
The Caucasus
- Parkapzuk (Armenian: Պարկապզուկ): A droneless horn-tipped bagpipe played in Armenia
- Gudastviri (Georgian: გუდასტვირი): A double-chantered horn-tipped bagpipe played in Georgia. Also called a chiboni or stviri.
- Tulum (Turkmen: tulum): Native to Azerbaijan.
Iran
Arab states of the Persian Gulf
- Habbān (Arabic: حبان): a generic term covering several types of bapipes, including traditional Bedouin bagpipes in Kuwait, and a modern version of the Great Highland Bagpipes played in Oman.
- Jirba (قربة): a type of double-chantered droneless bagpipe, primarily played by the ethnic Iranian minority of Bahrain.
North Africa
Libya
Tunisia
- Mizwad (Arabic: مِزْود; plural مَزاود mazāwid): Tunisian bagpipe with a double-chanter terminating in two cow horns.
Algeria
- Ghaita (غيطه): a type of bagpipe played in Algeria.
Lihat Pemain bermain bagpipe dari Kepulauan British di Eropah.
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Orchestra --
1. Alat-alat muzik digunakan dalam band penuh, dikumpulkan sebagai orkestra sebanyak 40 alat muzik.
2. Satu band (kumpulan) alat muzik sesuai untuk memainkan simfoni, overture, opera, oratorio, cantata, mass termasuk vocal & alat muzik solo.
Band (muzik) --
1. kumpulan alat muzik moden seperti drum, keyboard & gitar & beberapa alat tiupan & string.
Scale --
1. satu siri susunan note yang berlainan pitch. (biasanya sesama octave tinggi & rendah)
Muzik traditional atau Folk (lagu rakyat) --
1. lagu atau melodi yang di nyanyikan dan diwariskan kepada beberapa generasi malalui mulut, tanpa pengarang biasa dimainkan oleh alat muzik traditional.
Muzik Pop --
1. muzik yang dirakam & ditulis secara komersial untuk pasaran anak-anak muda, ringkas, yang menggunakan inovasi teknologi moden.
Solo --
1. karangan lagu untuk satu alat muzik atau vocal individu tanpa muzik pengiring.
2. persembahan oleh seorang penyanyi atau satu alat muzik.
3. mana-mana permainan kad dimana seorang pemain melawan beberapa orang pemain.
4. satu atau sendiri dalam bahasa Latin.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. muzik yang dirakam & ditulis secara komersial untuk pasaran anak-anak muda, ringkas, yang menggunakan inovasi teknologi moden.
Solo --
1. karangan lagu untuk satu alat muzik atau vocal individu tanpa muzik pengiring.
2. persembahan oleh seorang penyanyi atau satu alat muzik.
3. mana-mana permainan kad dimana seorang pemain melawan beberapa orang pemain.
4. satu atau sendiri dalam bahasa Latin.
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| Double Bass |
Bass ialah nada rendah, biasanya di mainkan mengguna double bass, cello, tuba, gitar bass, piano & synthesizer bass. Bass penting kerana ia melengkapkan 3 bahagian dalam muzik iaitu:-
Bahagian Solo- Vocal & solo instrument
Bahagian Tengah- Rythmn
Bahagian Bass- Double bass, cello & gitar bass.
Guitar Fender Jazz Bass
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| Octo Bass |
Seperti yang anda tahu gitar Bass elektrik adalah gitar yang memainkan bunyi octave note yang paling low (bawah) sekali,sama seperti alat doublebass didalam orkestra & band jazz. Penggunaan nya bermula pada era RocknRoll. Tapi tahu kah anda, ada beberapa orang Kompser lagu classical yang menyertakan alat "Octobass" di dalam Orkestra seperti Berlioz, Mahler, Strauss, Brahms, Wagner, Tchaikovsky & banyak lagi. Bayangkan apabila mendengar lagu dari orkestra Berliotz, Mahler atau Wagner yang di iringi alat "octobass" ini, mesti "heavy" sound dia orang....
Contoh lagu Berliotz Symphonie Fantastique - 5th MovementBerliotz symphonie Fantastique-5th Movement.
Octo bererti lapan dlalam bahasa greek.
perbezaan cello & octobass ialah seperti budak lelaki sebelum &
selepas akil baligh. Mengikut catatan Berlioz Octobass boleh memainkan
note paling bawah sekali diluar julat telinga manusia (tak boleh
didengari). Tali bawah sekali di tune C1 (32.7 Hz), satu octave bawah
daripada C alat cello (C2,65.41 Hz) Note ini seperti note paling bawah
sekali pada alat doublebass modern yg mempunyai sambungan C. tali
tengah di tune (tala atau tiun) ke G1, tali note paling atas di tune
C2. Bagaimana pun oleh kerana Octobass adalah satu alat muzik yang
besar sekali ia tidak begitu popular pada hari ini. Kita mungkin tidak
akan pernah melihat alat ini di mainkan di dalam orkestra kerana double
bass boleh di amplified kan bunyi pada orkestra moden (di letak
microphone).
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| ukiran gendang di Asia Barat |
Drum (gendang) di cipta oleh berbagai bangsa di masa lampau seawal 6000 BC (8000 tahun dahulu). ada yg telah dijumpai di Mesopotamia yg bertarikh 3000 BC (5000 tahun dahulu),
asia timur & afrika oleh arkeologist. Orang Afrika purba menggunakan gendang untuk meluahkan perasaan mereka dan juga sebagai alat perhubungan antara kampung. Rentak Rock n Roll & Jazz banyak dipengaruhi oleh pukulan gendang orang Afrika yg dibawa ke Amerika di masa lampau. Apabila didapati seorang boleh bermain beberapa gendang sekaligus, maka orang mula menyusun gendang gendang itu menjadi satu set.
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| Goblet drum Darambuka purba |
Darbuka /darambuka di percayai berasal dari alat muzik Aryan atau Celt dari timur Eropah di bawa ke asia barat melalui perdagangan sejak ribuan tahun yang lampau. Bagaimana pun alatan gendang atau drum bukan lah milik satu bangsa sahaja kerana ia adalah ciptaan tersendiri. Alat ini terdapat dalam semua muzik kebudayaan di seluruh dunia. Dahulu gendang di guna sebagai alat komunikasi (perhugungan) di Afrika & pribumi Amerika. Juga sebagai alat spiritual dalam sesetengah kebudayaan lama. Dari China ke India, semenanjung Arab ke Afrika, Eropah & Russia, Asia tenggara & Polynesia, Pribumi Amerika utara hingga selatan semuanya ada gendang tradisi.
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| Snare drum abad ke 18 |
Kick Drum
Crash Cymbal
Hi-Hat (hai-het)
FloorTom
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Full Drum Set - Susunan Drum Penuh
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| Microphone placement (di mana letaknya microphone) untuk drum yang masuk mixer & keluar dari PA ke loudspeaker |
Dalam persembahan muzik di venue (tempat) yang besar selalunya drum akan diletak microphone untuk di-amplifiy-kan (membesarkan) bunyi nya
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